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<title>Seretse Khama</title>

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Seretse Khama

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="His_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="His Excellency">His Excellency</a> Sir</div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Seretse Khama</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a> <a href="Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Khama in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="List_of_heads_of_state_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of state of Botswana">President of Botswana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 September 1966 – 13 July 1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data">Quett Masire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself as Prime Minister<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Quett_Masire" title="Quett Masire">Quett Masire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="List_of_heads_of_government_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government of Botswana">Prime Minister of Bechuanaland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 March 1965 – 30 September 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself as President<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama</div> (1921-07-01)1 July 1921 <a href="Serowe" title="Serowe">Serowe</a>, <a href="Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1980(1980-07-13) (aged 59) <a href="Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>, Botswana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Royal Cemetery, <a href="Serowe" title="Serowe">Serowe</a>, Botswana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Botswana_Democratic_Party" title="Botswana Democratic Party">Botswana Democratic Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="Ruth_Williams_Khama" title="Ruth Williams Khama">Ruth Williams Khama</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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<ul><li>Jacqueline Khama</li>

<li><a href="Ian_Khama" title="Ian Khama">Ian Khama</a></li>

<li><a href="Tshekedi_Khama_II" title="Tshekedi Khama II">Tshekedi Khama II</a></li>

<li>Anthony Khama</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="University_of_Fort_Hare" title="University of Fort Hare">University of Fort Hare</a></li>

<li><a href="Balliol_College%2C_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama, <a href="Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">GCB</a>, <a href="Order_of_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of British Empire">KBE</a> (1 July 1921 – 13 July 1980) was a Motswana politician who served as the first <a href="President_of_Botswana" title="President of Botswana">President of Botswana</a>, a post he held from 1966 to his death in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Born into an influential <a href="Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a> of what was then the <a href="British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> of <a href="Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a>, he was educated abroad in the neighbouring country of <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> and then in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> While in Britain, he married an Englishwoman named <a href="Ruth_Williams_Khama" title="Ruth Williams Khama">Ruth Williams</a>, a decision opposed by the <a href="Minoritarianism#Dominant_minority" title="Minoritarianism">white-minority government</a> of <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and which led to a controversy resulting in the British government making him stay in England in <a href="Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> so as to not sour <a href="South_Africa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="South Africa–United Kingdom relations">U.K.-South African relations</a>.

After the end of his exile, Khama led his <a href="Independence_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Botswana">country's independence movement</a> and the transition from British rule into an independent nation. He founded the <a href="Botswana_Democratic_Party" title="Botswana Democratic Party">Botswana Democratic Party</a> in 1962 and became Prime Minister in 1965. In 1966, <a href="Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> gained independence and Khama was elected as its first president.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> During his presidency, the country underwent rapid economic and social progress.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Khama served as President until his death in 1980, and was succeeded in office by <a href="Quett_Masire" title="Quett Masire">Quett Masire</a>. His son, <a href="Ian_Khama" title="Ian Khama">Ian Khama</a>, served as Botswana's fourth president from 2008 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h2></div>

Seretse Khama was born in 1921 in <a href="Serowe%2C_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Serowe, Botswana">Serowe</a>, in what was then the <a href="Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a>. He was the son of Queen Tebogo and <a href="Sekgoma_II" title="Sekgoma II">Sekgoma Khama II</a>, the paramount chief of the <a href="Bamangwato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamangwato">Bamangwato</a> clan of the <a href="Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a>, and the grandson of <a href="Khama_III" title="Khama III">Khama III</a>, their king. The name Seretse means "the clay that binds".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> He was named this to celebrate the recent reconciliation of his father and grandfather; this reconciliation assured Seretse's own ascension to the throne with his aged father's death in 1925. At the age of 4, Seretse became <a href="Kgosi" title="Kgosi">kgosi</a> (king), with his uncle <a href="Tshekedi_Khama" title="Tshekedi Khama">Tshekedi Khama</a> as his <a href="Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> and <a href="Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">guardian</a>.

After being educated in his youth at the <a href="Tiger_Kloof_Educational_Institute" title="Tiger Kloof Educational Institute">Tiger Kloof Educational Institute</a> in <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, Khama attended <a href="University_of_Fort_Hare" title="University of Fort Hare">Fort Hare University College</a> there, graduating with a general <a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in 1944. He travelled to the United Kingdom and studied for a year at <a href="Balliol_College%2C_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>. He next joined the <a href="Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> in London in 1946, to study to become a <a href="Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_exile">Marriage and exile</h2></div>

In June 1947, Khama met <a href="Ruth_Williams_Khama" title="Ruth Williams Khama">Ruth Williams</a>, an English clerk at <a href="Lloyd's_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> After a year of courtship, they married. The <a href="Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> sparked a furore,<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> alarming both the <a href="Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, which had established legal <a href="Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> (racial segregation), and the tribal elders of the Bamangwato, who were angered he had not chosen one of their women.

On being informed of the marriage, Khama's uncle <a href="Tshekedi_Khama" title="Tshekedi Khama">Tshekedi Khama</a> demanded his return to Bechuanaland and the <a href="Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> of the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Khama did return to Serowe. After a series of <a href="Kgotla" title="Kgotla">kgotlas</a> (public meetings), he was reaffirmed by the elders in his role as the <a href="Kgosi" title="Kgosi">kgosi</a> in 1949. <a href="Ruth_Williams_Khama" title="Ruth Williams Khama">Ruth Williams Khama</a>, travelling with her new husband, proved similarly popular. Admitting defeat, Tshekedi Khama left the Bamangwato reserve for voluntary exile in the Bakwena reserve while Khama returned to London to complete his studies.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

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<td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#e61c23;;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div></td>

</tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<li><a href="1961_Bechuanaland_general_election" title="1961 Bechuanaland general election">1961 Bechuanaland</a></li>

<li><a href="1969_Botswana_general_election" title="1969 Botswana general election">1969 Botswana</a></li>

<hr>

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">President of Botswana</div>

<hr>

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Government</div>

<ul><li><a href="Orapa_diamond_mine" title="Orapa diamond mine">Orapa diamond mine</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">SADCC</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Other</div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_rulers_of_Ngwato_(Mangwato)" title="List of rulers of Ngwato (Mangwato)">Mangwato</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Legacy</div>

<ul><li><a href="Sir_Seretse_Khama_International_Airport" title="Sir Seretse Khama International Airport">International Airport</a></li></ul>

<hr>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_UK-South_African_relations">Impact on UK-South African relations</h3></div>

However, the international ramifications of his marriage were not so easily resolved. Having banned interracial marriage in 1949 under the apartheid system, <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s government opposed having an interracial couple ruling just across their northern border. The couple was banned from entering South Africa, including <a href="Mafeking%2C_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafeking, South Africa">Mafeking</a>, which then operated as the administrative capital of <a href="Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a>. Since Bechuanaland was then a British <a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> (not a <a href="Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>), the <a href="South_African_government" class="mw-redirect" title="South African government">South African government</a> immediately tried to exert pressure on the UK to have Khama removed from his chieftainship.

The <a href="Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Attlee ministry</a>, Britain's <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>-led government, then heavily in debt from <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, could not afford to lose cheap South African gold and uranium supplies. They also feared that South Africa might take more direct action against Bechuanaland, either economic sanctions or a military incursion.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> London based Black civil rights leader <a href="Billy_Strachan" title="Billy Strachan">Billy Strachan</a>, who served as the Joint Secretary of the Seretse Khama Fighting Committee, wrote a letter defending Khama which was then published in the <a href="Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On 28 March 1950, <a href="Fenner_Brockway" title="Fenner Brockway">Fenner Brockway</a>, a British Labour MP, forced a debate in the <a href="House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> on the decision by the Labour government to banish Seretse Khama from his homeland, while withholding recognition of him as the Chief of the Bamangwato people, because he had married <a href="Ruth_Williams_Khama" title="Ruth Williams Khama">Ruth Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

The British government conducted a judicial enquiry into Khama's fitness for the chieftainship. The investigation did not disapprove of interracial marriage as such and reported that he was eminently fit to rule the <a href="Bamangwato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamangwato">Bamangwato</a>, "but for his unfortunate marriage", which prevented good relations with neighbouring apartheid regimes.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The government ordered that the report be suppressed (it would remain so for thirty years) and exiled Khama and his wife from Bechuanaland in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_politics">Return to politics</h2></div>

The British government's decision concerning Khama immediately proved controversial, both in Britain and Bechuanaland. Several <a href="Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">British newspapers</a> made calls for the resignation of <a href="Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, the minister responsible for the decision.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A deputation of six Bamangwato travelled to London to see the exiled Khama and Lord Salisbury, in an echo of the 1895 deputation of three Batswana kgosis to <a href="Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, but met with no success. However, when ordered by the British High Commission to find a suitable candidate to replace Khama, the Bamangwato rebuffed the order.

In 1956, both Khama and his wife were allowed to return to Bechuanaland as private citizens, after he had renounced the tribal throne. Khama began an unsuccessful stint as a cattle rancher. He became involved in local politics, being elected to the tribal council in 1957 as its secretary. In the <a href="1961_Birthday_Honours" title="1961 Birthday Honours">1961 Birthday Honours</a>, he was recognised for his services as tribal secretary by his appointment as an Officer of the <a href="Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

In 1961, Khama returned to politics by founding the <a href="Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechuanaland Democratic Party">Bechuanaland Democratic Party</a>. His exile gave him an increased credibility with an independence-minded electorate, and the BDP swept aside its <a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> and <a href="Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanist</a> rivals to dominate the 1965 elections. As <a href="Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> of <a href="Bechuanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechuanaland">Bechuanaland</a>, Khama continued to push for Botswana's independence while based in the newly established capital of <a href="Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>. A 1965 constitution delineated a new <a href="Government_of_Botswana" title="Government of Botswana">Botswana government</a>, and on 30 September 1966, Botswana gained its independence. As prescribed by <a href="Constitution_of_Botswana" title="Constitution of Botswana">the new constitution</a>, Khama became its first President.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-1">[1]</a> Ten days prior to this, <a href="Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> had promoted Khama within the <a href="Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>, appointing him a Knight Commander (KBE).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2></div>

At the time of its independence in 1966, Botswana was the world's third-poorest country, poorer than most other African countries.<a href="#cite_note-James_Haskins,_Jim_Haskins_126-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-tupy-24">[24]</a> Its infrastructure was minimal, with only 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) of paved roads; and few of its people had formal education, with only 22 university graduates and 100 secondary school graduates.<a href="#cite_note-mit-25">[25]</a>

Khama set out on a vigorous economic programme intended to transform the nation into an export-based economy, built around <a href="Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>. The 1967 discovery of <a href="Orapa_diamond_mine" title="Orapa diamond mine">Orapa's diamond deposits</a> aided this programme.<a href="#cite_note-James_Haskins,_Jim_Haskins_126-21">[21]</a>

Khama instituted strong measures against <a href="Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a>. His administration adopted <a href="Market_economy" title="Market economy">free-market-friendly</a> policies to foster <a href="Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>. Khama promised low and stable <a href="Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a> to mining companies, <a href="Free_trade" title="Free trade">liberalized trade</a>, and increased <a href="Personal_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal freedom">personal freedoms</a>. He maintained low marginal <a href="Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> rates to deter <a href="Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-tupy-24">[24]</a> He upheld <a href="Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and <a href="Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">non-racism</a> in the midst of a region embroiled in civil war, racial enmity and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-mmegi-26">[26]</a>

The small <a href="Public_service" title="Public service">public service</a> was transformed into an efficient and relatively corruption-free <a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> with workers hired <a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">based on merit</a>. Calls to immediately "indigenize" the bureaucracy were resisted, and the government retained foreign expatriates working in the bureaucracy until suitably qualified locals could be found to replace them. Khama and his people also drew on international advisers and consultants. Mining companies were encouraged to search the country for more resources, leading to the discovery of additional copper, <a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and <a href="Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits.<a href="#cite_note-mit-25">[25]</a>

Between 1960 and 1980 Botswana had the fastest-growing economy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This growth was primarily driven by <a href="Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, and the government acted to gain a greater percentage of its revenue. The <a href="Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> between Botswana and South Africa was renegotiated in 1969, with the government of Botswana securing for itself a greater share of the mining revenue. In 1975, after it had become clear how productive these mines were, the government again renegotiated the diamond mining agreement to guarantee itself 50% of the revenues. By the mid-1970s, Botswana had a <a href="Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">budget surplus</a>.

The government used <a href="Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">these revenues</a> to heavily invest in the expansion of <a href="Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, and the <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a> system, resulting in further economic development. In particular, the government invested in other sources of <a href="Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. The cattle industry was heavily subsidised, with the government <a href="Nationalising" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalising">nationalising</a> the country's lone <a href="Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a> and building two more, heavily subsidising <a href="Veterinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary">veterinary</a> services, <a href="Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, and cattle fence construction. It set up the <a href="Botswana_Meat_Commission" title="Botswana Meat Commission">Botswana Meat Commission</a> as the sole seller of beef in the country, setting prices and selling beef to regional and international markets. With Khama's direct intervention, it negotiated a lucrative trade deal with the <a href="European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, gaining prices far above world levels. Khama also spearheaded a national fundraising campaign to build Botswana's first institute of higher education, which resulted in the establishment of the <a href="University_of_Botswana" title="University of Botswana">University of Botswana</a> in 1982, after Khama's death.

The Botswana Development Corporation was established in 1970 to attract <a href="Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a> in crop agriculture, <a href="Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, and the <a href="Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a>. In 1976, the <a href="Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</a> was introduced, replacing the <a href="South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</a> as the national currency.<a href="#cite_note-mit-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

Due to Khama's dedication to development, very little was spent on defence, and a small military police force was initially formed in place of an army.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, following repeated incursions by <a href="South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African</a> and <a href="Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Rhodesian</a> forces, the <a href="Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana Defence Force</a> was formed in 1977 as a small professional military. On the <a href="Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> front, Khama was careful politically and did not allow militant groups to operate from within Botswana. According to Richard Dale,

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Khama government had authority to do so by virtue of the 1963 Prevention of Violence Abroad act, and a week after independence, Sir Seretse Khama announced before the <a href="National_Assembly_(Botswana)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Botswana)">National Assembly</a> his government’s policy to insure that Botswana would not become a base of operations for attacking any neighbour.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></blockquote> Shortly before his death, Khama played major roles in negotiating the end of the <a href="Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian civil war</a> and the resulting creation and independence of <a href="Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, and the creation of the <a href="Southern_African_Development_Co-ordination_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference">Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Khama was reelected three times by virtue of the BDP easily winning the <a href="1969_Botswana_general_election" title="1969 Botswana general election">1969</a>, <a href="1974_Botswana_general_election" title="1974 Botswana general election">1974</a> and <a href="1979_Botswana_general_election" title="1979 Botswana general election">1979</a> elections.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In Botswana, candidates for the National Assembly declare whom they endorse for president when they lodge their nomination papers, and the presidential candidate with a majority of endorsements is automatically elected. He governed with very large majorities for his entire tenure, never facing more than seven opposition MPs.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div>

For a number of years leading up to his death, Khama's health deteriorated. He suffered from heart and kidney ailments. In 1960 he had been diagnosed with <a href="Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1976, he underwent a heart operation in <a href="Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> to install a <a href="Pacemaker" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a>. From then on, he frequently flew to <a href="London" title="London">London</a> for medical treatment. In June 1980, while receiving treatment in London, Khama was diagnosed with terminal <a href="Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>. He returned home after it was determined that no cure was possible.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Khama died in his sleep on 13 July 1980 in the presence of his wife in Botswana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkyeampongGates2012359-36">[36]</a> Following his death, Khama was succeeded by Vice President <a href="Quett_Masire" title="Quett Masire">Quett Masire</a>. Forty thousand people paid their respects to Khama as his body <a href="Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a> in Gaborone. He was buried in the Royal Cemetery on a hill in <a href="Serowe%2C_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Serowe, Botswana">Serowe</a>, <a href="Central_District_(Botswana)" title="Central District (Botswana)">Central District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

Twenty-eight years after Khama's death, <a href="Ian_Khama" title="Ian Khama">his son Ian</a> succeeded <a href="Festus_Mogae" title="Festus Mogae">Festus Mogae</a> as the fourth president of Botswana;<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> in <a href="2009_Botswana_general_election" title="2009 Botswana general election">the 2009 general election</a> he won a landslide victory.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> That year, his younger son, <a href="Tshekedi_Khama_II" title="Tshekedi Khama II">Tshekedi Khama II</a>, was elected as a parliamentarian from <a href="Serowe" title="Serowe">Serowe</a> North West. Ian Khama left office in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<a href="Sir_Seretse_Khama_International_Airport" title="Sir Seretse Khama International Airport">Sir Seretse Khama International Airport</a>, Botswana's main airport, was named after Khama and opened in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

The 2016 film <a href="A_United_Kingdom" title="A United Kingdom">A United Kingdom</a>, directed by <a href="Amma_Asante" title="Amma Asante">Amma Asante</a> and written by <a href="Guy_Hibbert" title="Guy Hibbert">Guy Hibbert</a>, told the story of the controversies that surrounded Khama's marriage. It starred <a href="David_Oyelowo" title="David Oyelowo">David Oyelowo</a> as Khama and <a href="Rosamund_Pike" title="Rosamund Pike">Rosamund Pike</a> as Ruth Williams.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Furthermore, it has also been suggested that Sir Seretse's relationship with Lady Khama influenced the writers of the <a href="Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>-winning film <a href="Guess_Who's_Coming_to_Dinner" title="Guess Who's Coming to Dinner">Guess Who's Coming to Dinner</a>, which starred <a href="Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>, <a href="Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a> and <a href="Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

Khama is frequently referenced in <a href="The_No._1_Ladies'_Detective_Agency_(novel)" title="The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (novel)">The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency</a> books by <a href="Alexander_McCall_Smith" title="Alexander McCall Smith">Alexander McCall Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Mma Ramotswe, the series' protagonist, greatly admires him, compares him with <a href="Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and very much regrets the fact of his not being so well known internationally.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seretse-Khama">"Sir Seretse Khama | president of Botswana | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720233744/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders_list.asp?show=152">"The Presidency – Republic of South Africa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepresidency.gov.za:80/orders_list.asp?show=152">the original</a> on 20 July 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/politics-botswana-ian-khama-crime-8087f1d5cdde4d0a0ed826a2d820e786">"Botswana issues arrest warrant for ex-President Ian Khama"</a>. AP NEWS. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFParsons" class="citation web cs1">Parsons, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/skhama.htm">"Sir Seretse Khama"</a>. University of Botswana History Department website. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBenson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Benson, Mary (1976). "Tshekedi Khama as I Knew Him". Botswana Notes and Records. 8: 121–128. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0525-5090">0525-5090</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40979462">40979462</a>.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFRedfern1955" class="citation book cs1">Redfern, John (1955). "An appeal". Ruth and Seretse: 'A Very Disreputable Transaction'. London: <a href="Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>. p. 221. <q>The British government knew well enough, throughout the dispute, that the <a href="Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union</a> [of South Africa]'s Nationalist Government was playing up the theme of the protectorates, and that it was within the Union's power to apply economic sanctions at any time. (The latest available figures show that more than half the cattle exported from Bechuanaland go to the Union ...)</q></cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFRider2003" class="citation web cs1">Rider, Clare (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719114915/http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html">"The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"</a>. The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003. <a href="Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. <q>Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the <a href="Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations">Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations</a> pointed out to the Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1">"Letters to the Editor: Seretse Khama". <a href="The_Manchester_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manchester Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a>. 18 March 1950. p. 6.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDutfield1990" class="citation book cs1">Dutfield, Michael (1990). A Marriage of Inconvenience. London: Unwin Hyman.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRider2003" class="citation web cs1">Rider, Clare (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719114915/http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html">"The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"</a>. The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003. <a href="Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html">the original</a> on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006. <q>Since, in their opinion, friendly and co-operative relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were essential to the well-being of the Bamangwato Tribe and the whole of the Protectorate, Serestse, who enjoyed neither, could not be deemed fit to rule. They concluded: 'We have no hesitation in finding that, but for his unfortunate marriage, his prospects as Chief are as bright as those of any native in Africa with whom we have come into contact'.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog7e.shtml">"Sir Seretse Khama – first President of Botswana"</a>. BBC – Radio 4 Making History. <a href="BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Williams, Susan, 2006, Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation, Allen Lane

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson and J.A. Robinson. 2003. “An African Success Story: Botswana.” Chapter 4 in 14 in D. Rodrik (Ed.). 2003. In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Narratives on Economic Growth. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 80–119.

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102090611/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tO0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032">"Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032">the original</a> on 2 November 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Dale, Richard. Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995: 50

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBoddy" class="citation web cs1">Boddy, Alistair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005101350/http://africanhistory.about.com/cs/biography/p/bio_khama.htm">"Biography of the African Statesman: Sir Seretse Khama"</a>. Africanhistory.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanhistory.about.com/cs/biography/p/bio_khama.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPolhemus1983" class="citation journal cs1">Polhemus, James H. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160817">"Botswana Votes: Parties and Elections in an African Democracy"</a>. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 21 (3): 397–430. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00023491">10.1017/S0022278X00023491</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160817">160817</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154524876">154524876</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124094719/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800707&id=zVsxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nKQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3402,3227920&hl=en">"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800707&id=zVsxAAAAIBAJ&pg=3402,3227920&hl=en">the original</a> on 24 January 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkyeampongGates2012359-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkyeampongGates2012359_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkyeampongGates2012">Akyeampong & Gates 2012</a>, p. 359.

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTlouParsons,_NeilHenderson,_Willie1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Thomas_Tlou" title="Thomas Tlou">Tlou, Thomas</a>; Parsons, Neil; Henderson, Willie (1995). Seretse Khama, 1921–1980. Braamfontein: <a href="Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a> Boleswa. pp. 391–2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>99912-60-31-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-politics-idUSKBN1H70DO">"Botswana's Khama steps down as president after a decade at helm"</a>. Reuters. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caab.co.bw/sir-seretse-khama-international-airport/#:~:text=This%20airport%20was%20opened%20in,%2FB%2FW%2FT.">"Sir Seretse Khama International Airport"</a>. Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFullerton2016" class="citation web cs1">Fullerton, Huw (25 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/how-accurate-is-david-oyelowos-a-united-kingdom/">"How accurate is David Oyelowo's A United Kingdom?"</a>. www.radiotimes.com. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Brozan, Nadine (16 February 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/16/international/africa/16appiah.html">"Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies"</a>, <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCounihan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Counihan, Clare (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44029511">"Detecting Outside History in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency"</a>. Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal. 44 (2): 101–118. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-1276">0027-1276</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44029511">44029511</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAkyeampongGates2012" class="citation book cs1">Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ">Dictionary of African Biography</a>. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press USA. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMungazi2004" class="citation book cs1">Mungazi, Dickson (2004). We Shall Not Fail: Values In The National Leadership Of Seretse Khama, Nelson Mandela And Julius Nyerere. Africa World Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-59221-250-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDutfield1990" class="citation book cs1">Dutfield, Michael (1990). A Marriage of Inconvenience: Persecution of Ruth and Seretse Khama. <a href="HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-04-440793-9</bdi>.</cite> From the 1990 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdb.com/title/tt0102408/">film of the same name</a>.</li>

<li>Williams, Susan. 2006. Colour Bar. Allen Lane. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7139-9811-3</bdi></li>

<li>Seager, Alan. 2005. The Shadow of a Great Rock. Connah's Quay, Flintshire, Wales, GB: I & D Books/ the author</li>

<li>Parsons, N., Henderson, W. & Tlou, T. (1995) Seretse Khama</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMurdock_Larsson1965" class="citation book cs1">Murdock Larsson, Clotye (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriageacrossco0000lars/page/173">"Chapter 22 – An African Abdication – by Seretse Khama"</a>. Marriage across the Color Line. Johnson Pub. Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriageacrossco0000lars/page/173">173–182</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87485-014-7</bdi>. <q>"If you bring this white woman, the tribe will scatter and you will be the Chief only of the bare poles in the market places." So spoke Bathoen, a sub-chief, who, like my uncle, Tshekedi, believed that I should forfeit my position as Chief-Designate rather than bring a white queen to our land.</q></cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203321/http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000054429,00.html?sym=QUE">Penguin Books – A piece by Susan Williams, author of Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/skhama.htm">University of Botswana History Dept: Seretse Khama 1921–1980</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalty.nu/Africa/Botswana.html">Royalty in Botswana</a></li></ul>

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<ul>

<li><a href="Quett_Masire" title="Quett Masire">Quett Masire</a></li>

<li><a href="Festus_Mogae" title="Festus Mogae">Festus Mogae</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Khama" title="Ian Khama">Ian Khama</a></li>

<li><a href="Mokgweetsi_Masisi" title="Mokgweetsi Masisi">Mokgweetsi Masisi</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1824" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1824" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110513131">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32009372">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427956">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXgvBkxFPxBwRvDPY9Dq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124511449">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85110383">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12022657z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12022657z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35922252">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067501915">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90856003">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007603874905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1146929">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/124511449.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077171004">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/0dd88789-3d1b-4480-8e57-b31db97470c8">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Seretse_Khama&oldid=1298718916">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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